🌊 Ripple · counterfactual
What if Writing appears in Sumer had gone differently?
-3200 · middle-east
Clay tablets at Uruk record the earliest known written language.
If it had gone differently: Records, law and literature stay oral for centuries; states can't grow past what one memory holds.
What it made possible
Later turning points that leaned on Writing appears in Sumer. Change it in the game and the ripples reach all of these.
- -1050The Phoenician alphabet. Without it, Writing stays a scribal priesthood's monopoly of hundreds of signs; ordinary merchants and citizens never learn to read.
- 105Paper is invented in Han China. Without it, The world writes on skin, silk and bark for another thousand years; the written word stays a luxury.
- 1040Movable type in Song China. Without it, Printing stays a woodblock craft for the rare classic; no template for cheap mass text reaches anyone.
- 1215Magna Carta. Without it, The idea that a ruler is bound by law never gets its founding document; absolutism has no early rival.
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